Research | ToriNews.com

TED: Jay Bradner: Open-source cancer research – Jay Bradner (2011)

Posted on 28 October 2011. Tags: 2011, Bradner, cancer, Opensource, Research

How does cancer know it’s cancer? At Jay Bradner’s lab, they found a molecule that might hold the answer, JQ1 — and instead of patenting JQ1, they published their findings and mailed samples to 40 other labs to work on. An inspiring look at the open-source future of medical research.
TEDTalks (video)

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Clinical Trials And Clinical Research Studies On Cholesterol

Posted on 19 January 2011. Tags: Cholesterol, Clinical, Research, Studies, Trials

Clinical Trials And Clinical Research Studies On Cholesterol

Clinical Trials And Clinical Research Studies On Cholesterol

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Home Page > Education > Clinical Trials And Clinical Research Studies On Cholesterol

Clinical Trials And Clinical Research Studies On Cholesterol

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Posted: Feb 08, 2010 |Comments: 0
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Taking part in the clinical trials is a perfect way to take advantage of the latest research development being made in a particular field of medicine, even before the introduction of a new treatment to the general public. According to a survey, about 8 million people of America took part in the clinical trials of new medical devices and new drugs in the year 2003. Clinical trials and clinical research trials are being conducted for different medical issues including cholesterol.

Some of the advantages of taking part in the medical trial for high cholesterol are given below: -

You will be able to gain access to new drugs for cholesterol yet to be introduced in the market.
You will be able to receive the drugs free of cost from the trials.
You will be one among the first few patients receiving the treatment.
By participating in the medical trials, you will also be able to participate in the process of development of new treatments, which will be beneficial to you and your family members.
Some clinical research offers stipend for the people for traveling expenses.
Once if you participate in the trial, it is not essential that you should attend all further trials. You can withdraw at any time and for any reason.

If you are really interested in participating in a clinical research study and clinical trial on cholesterol, you can follow the steps mentioned-below:

Get the list of trials being conducted on cholesterol in your area and you can get this information online through search engines.
Determine the trials that are presently recruiting patients to participate.
Review the conditions they are meant to treat and the list of drugs being studied in that particular medical research trial.
Discuss about the clinical research study selected by you with your family physician, who will be able to clarify you regarding the issues faced by you. If you are able to understand your medical condition with respect to cholesterol, you will be able to make the best decision with the help of your physician.
After getting the advice of your physician, if you have decided to participate in the trial, you can call up the trial site and they will ask you some questions to judge whether you meet their basic requirements. If you meet their requirements, they will arrange for your visit to the site for an interview, where you will be asked questions regarding your health and they will also conduct blood tests and medical examination.
Get acquainted with all aspects regarding cholesterol before joining the trial. The specialist conducting the trial should explain you all the information regarding the study.
Clarify your doubts and get the explanation before singing the form of consent.

Tips for attending trials on cholesterol: -

Clearly understand the purpose of the trial and also see whether they compare the new treatment with the already existing treatment for cholesterol.

Get clarified about who will be paying you, if something goes wrong after or during the trial.

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Clinical Trials And Clinical Research Studies On Cholesterol

Posted on 10 January 2011. Tags: Cholesterol, Clinical, Research, Studies, Trials

Clinical Trials And Clinical Research Studies On Cholesterol

Clinical Trials And Clinical Research Studies On Cholesterol

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Home Page > Health > Alternative Medicine > Clinical Trials And Clinical Research Studies On Cholesterol

Clinical Trials And Clinical Research Studies On Cholesterol

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Posted: Mar 16, 2010 |Comments: 0
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Taking part in the clinical trials is a perfect way to take advantage of the latest research development being made in a particular field of medicine, even before the introduction of a new treatment to the general public. According to a survey, about 8 million people of America took part in the clinical trials of new medical devices and new drugs in the year 2003. Clinical trials and clinical research trials are being conducted for different medical issues including cholesterol.

Some of the advantages of taking part in the medical trial for high cholesterol are given below: -

You will be able to gain access to new drugs for cholesterol yet to be introduced in the market.
You will be able to receive the drugs free of cost from the trials.
You will be one among the first few patients receiving the treatment.
By participating in the medical trials, you will also be able to participate in the process of development of new treatments, which will be beneficial to you and your family members.
Some clinical research offers stipend for the people for traveling expenses.
Once if you participate in the trial, it is not essential that you should attend all further trials. You can withdraw at any time and for any reason.

If you are really interested in participating in a clinical research study and clinical trial on cholesterol, you can follow the steps mentioned-below:

Get the list of trials being conducted on cholesterol in your area and you can get this information online through search engines.
Determine the trials that are presently recruiting patients to participate.
Review the conditions they are meant to treat and the list of drugs being studied in that particular medical research trial.
Discuss about the clinical research study selected by you with your family physician, who will be able to clarify you regarding the issues faced by you. If you are able to understand your medical condition with respect to cholesterol, you will be able to make the best decision with the help of your physician.
After getting the advice of your physician, if you have decided to participate in the trial, you can call up the trial site and they will ask you some questions to judge whether you meet their basic requirements. If you meet their requirements, they will arrange for your visit to the site for an interview, where you will be asked questions regarding your health and they will also conduct blood tests and medical examination.
Get acquainted with all aspects regarding cholesterol before joining the trial. The specialist conducting the trial should explain you all the information regarding the study.
Clarify your doubts and get the explanation before singing the form of consent.

Tips for attending trials on cholesterol: -

Clearly understand the purpose of the trial and also see whether they compare the new treatment with the already existing treatment for cholesterol.

Get clarified about who will be paying you, if something goes wrong after or during the trial.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/alternative-medicine-articles/clinical-trials-and-clinical-research-studies-on-cholesterol-1996246.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #1996246)

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Robort Smith -
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Oral History: a Viable Methodology for 21st Century Educational Administration Research: National Impact

Posted on 13 November 2010. Tags: 21st, Administration, Century, Educational, History, Impact, Methodology, NATIONAL, Oral, Research, Viable

by El Bibliomata

Oral History: a Viable Methodology for 21st Century Educational Administration Research: National Impact

Oral History: a Viable Methodology for 21st Century Educational Administration Research: National Impact

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Oral History: a Viable Methodology for 21st Century Educational Administration Research: National Impact

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Oral History: a Viable Methodology for 21st Century Educational Administration Research: National Impact

By: William Allan Kritsonis, PhD

About the Author

Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus

In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”

(ArticlesBase SC #484717)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Oral History: a Viable Methodology for 21st Century Educational Administration Research: National Impact

Oral History: A Viable Methodology for 21st Century

Educational Administration Research: National Impact

_______________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

This article identifies three 21st Century realities that are redefining research in educational administration: 1) the increasing need for relevancy and authenticity in addressing community and school problem solving contexts; 2) the need for a research method that permits the kind of in depth interviewing of knowledgeable individuals with minimal Institutional Review Board (IRB) oversight; and 3) a methodology that can be facilitated by emerging technologies. Oral history has been employed in many disciplines but has seldom been used in educational administration. It offers some promise and the authors suggest possible uses and interpretations of one proposed oral history project and one completed oral history project.

______________________________________________________________________________

Purpose of the Article

The purpose of this article is to examine oral history interviewing and historical research as a viable research method within the broad family of research methodologies in educational administration and educational leadership. The evolution of research methodology in educational administration has been influenced by changing paradigms, changing needs, increasing institutional Review Board (IRB) oversight, and changing technology. Educational administration research differs from other academic disciplines in that it involves the opportunity to find new and innovative uses for research findings for problem solving and decision making in school settings.

Research in Educational Administration Undergoing Transformation

Educational administration research has undergone great transformation during the past century. Business management principles drawn from industry dominated the first half of the 20th Century of educational administration thought. During the 1950’s and 1960’s various social science methods and concepts shaped a new generation of educational administration thought and research methodology (Campbell, Fleming, Newell & Bennion, 1987; Murphy, 2003, Fall). By the late 1980’s business and social science methodologies were supplemented though not replaced by qualitative methods drawn from anthropology. Action research fills yet another educational administration research niche. It places less emphasis on formal theoretical constructs while focusing on authentic, campus-based data gathering, and problem-solving. This continuing growth in acceptance of research methodologies from other disciplines was described by Campbell, et al:

Educational administration is an applied field rather than an academic discipline. It does not draw upon a single body of literature nor use a single set of scholarly tools…an applied field must maintain a vital concern not only with the extension of knowledge but also with the improvement of practice…Similarly…an applied field must be concerned with problems in their totality – drawing on the methods of many disciplines. (1987, p. 3)

Not all influences on educational administration research in the 21st Century have been methodological. A national increase in Institutional Review Board (IRB) oversight has greatly influenced educational administration research (Herrington & Kritsonis, 2006). There remains great variance among universities regarding the extent to which educational research is subject to IRB oversight. Some universities exempt educational studies from IRB oversight completely, especially those studies that were intended to examine quality improvement in educational institutions or action research used for classroom instruction. Some universities were requiring complete reviews of every aspect of research regardless of methodology or intended uses of the data. Navigating the maze of IRB restrictions at some institutions has led to avoidance of some research methodologies or populations and in some cases resulted in diminished research activity altogether (Herrington & Kritsonis, 2006).

Technology has made most forms of research far more convenient and achievable. For example more user-friendly Windows or UNIX based statistical software programs such as Stat-Pac, (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and SAS have replaced hand-calculations, data punchcard readers, and mainframe versions of the statistical software. Qualitative researchers have access to coding software such as HyperRESEARCH 2.6, NVIVO 7, computer-assisted Qualitative Data Analysis (QAQDAS 07) to assist with high volume qualitative data coding capabilities. Audio and video recording equipment, imaging equipment, and related software continue to be developed for oral history recording, however, analog recordings continue to be preferred by most oral history professionals.

The challenge for educational researchers in the 21st Century is to select a methodology that can provide a relevant context for examining education issues within specific contexts that are reliably and accurately preserved. The methodology must also yield a study that is achievable within a reasonable time frame, is affordable, and must satisfy ethical requirements or minimize the need for IRB scrutiny.

A Methodology-in-Waiting

Charlton (1985) defined oral history as “the recording and preserving of planned interviews with selected persons able to narrate recollected memory and thereby aid the reconstruction of the past” (p.2). Baum (1978) defined oral history as:

1. a tape recorded interview, or interviews, in question-and-answer format,

2. conducted by an interview who has some, and preferably the more the better, knowledge of the subject to be discussed,

3. with a knowledgeable interview, someone who knows whereof he or she speaks from personal participation or observation (sometimes we allow a second-hand account),

4. subjects’ of historical [or community] interest…

5. accessible, eventually, in tapes and/or transcripts to a broad spectrum of researchers. (pp. 389-390)

The value of oral history for educational researchers and practitioners is found in the background that can be provided by credible participants who are able to enrich understandings of the immediate problem-solving context or who can draw parallels with other contexts. Sometimes dramatic events or significant phenomena require giving voice to otherwise silent observers or constituencies that know the true nature of the problem of interest, but who have never been consulted by historians or decision makers. For example, ethnographic shifts in recent years have created major cultural divides in communities and schools that challenge long held assumptions of teachers and administrators regarding their client student populations.

An example is found in formerly rural/now suburban high school campus that in 1995-2004 comparison revealed the following demographic changes in students and teachers. In 1995 only 17 percent of the students of this inner city campus were Hispanic, 15 percent were African American, 65 percent of students were Anglo. The teacher demographic representations were similar. Ten years later 67 percent of the students were Hispanic, 17 percent were African American, but only 16 of the students were Anglo. The teacher demographics remained relatively unchanged over the same 10 years.

Conversations with parents, teachers, and administrators reveals that the unexpected demographic gaps that occurred during the preceding ten year period had resulted in an increase of racial tensions wherein teachers/student and teacher/parent conflicts occuring. The achievement of Hispanic students continued a downward spiral, attendance and dropouts were increasing, and disciplinary alternative educational placements were soaring. These realities placed the district in jeopardy of losing its standing based on statewide criteria and NCLB standards. This was a phenomenon that could be documented through oral history interviews and the results made available as a case for other districts. In this case a number of interventions might be possible in the short run but a comprehensive and effectively planned longer term plan informed by carefully conducted oral histories would provide some valuable context and community history of the community that can provide answers to working with all parties affected by the problem.

Another example is the fact that during the 1960’s and 1970’s the educational and experiential cornerstones for the first generation of Mexican-American college and university presidents and chancellors in the state of Texas and the nation were being established within an educational and cultural environment of South Texas that was hostile to the aspirations and future advancement of Latinos (Herrington, 1993, August). What can be learned about the education and mentoring experiences of these highly successful individuals would be invaluable to educators and other minority individuals making career and education decisions.

These two very real scenarios though unrelated have some connectedness. There are lessons that the teachers and administrators at the high school undergoing dramatic demographic shifts (study proposed but not yet conducted) could learn from the South Texas study of successful Hispanic students who grew up in communities that 30 and 40 years earlier resembled their current demographic and cultural realities. Communities that are just beginning to face the realities of permanently altered demographic landscapes can learn a great deal from their South Texas predecessors, precisely because those experiences have been previously recorded and transcribed for future reference (Herrington, 1993, August). The thoughts and feelings of these successful Hispanic individuals regarding their experiences, parents, teachers, and mentors (many of whom were Anglo as well as Hispanic) are eloquently recorded and transcribed for posterity. Their stories reveal personal strategies and significant persons who once extended a helping hand.

In both of these cases, oral history methodology presents perhaps the only way to preserve otherwise unobtainable information. Concerning oral history Hoffman (1974) wrote:

Its most important advantage…is that it makes possible the preservation of life experience of persons who do not have the …leisure to write their memoirs…Interviews with people who have been foot soldiers in various important movements of social change but have heretofore been unrecorded may now be preserved and hence their impact assessed. (p. 26)

The Role of History in Educational Reform

Scholars have identified several uses for history in educational research. History can be instrumental in effecting social reform, predicting future trends, or in influencing practice through the training of educators (Borg & Gall, 1983). Comparing the work of historian to that of psychotherapist Borg, et al noted that history has a particularly liberating function for educators:

To Freud, neurosis is the failure to escape the past, the burden on one’s history. What is repressed returns distorted and is eternally reenacted. The psychotherapist’s task is to help the patient reconstruct the past. In this respect the historian’s goal resembles that of the therapist – to liberate us from the burden of the past by helping us to understand it. (p. 802)

It is our common understanding of history and the ability to learn from our shared past that distinguishes humans from all other creatures. Wector (1957, August) wrote:

Chimpanzee with a stack of empty boxes and a banana hanging out of reach soon learns by his own experience. But man alone learns from the experience of others. History makes this possible. In the broadest sense, all that we know is history. More strictly, it is the road map of the past. (p. 24)

History is our collective memory. The ability to utilize history and extract useful generalizations and theories is uniquely human. Without a record of the past we are left to navigate life’s course without the aid of those who have gone before us.

In a cogent essay published posthumously, Kennedy (1964, February) provided several reasons for examining the historical record. He noted:

There is little that is more important…without [history]…[one] stands uncertain and defenseless before the world, knowing neither where he has come from nor where he is going. With such knowledge, he is no longer alone but draws a strength far greater than his own from the cumulative experience of the past and the cumulative vision of the future. (p.3)

Ethical Oversight of Oral History

And Technological Considerations

Historical research and particularly oral history interviewing provides context and clear precedents that can be explored and considered for educational policy as well as practice. Educational researchers and IRB board members might wince at the notion of preserving recorded interviews. Such practice seems to contradict ethical provisions safeguarding anonymity of research subjects. This is where the difference between oral history interviewing and other methodologies is important. Unlike any other discipline or methodology, oral history interviewing requires the spoken words of a specifically named individual connected in time and place by means of recording data on audio tapes, video tapes, images, documents, and transcripts preserved so as to be accessible for historical verification (Dunaway, D.K. & Baum, 1984).

To address this ethics concern, the Organization of American Historians (OAH) and the Oral History Society (OHS) in October 2003 successfully petitioned the U.S. Office for Human Research Protection (OHRP), part of the Department of Health and Human Services, for a special ruling on oral history research interviewing. They were especially concerned with oral history projects that do not involve the type of research defined by HHS regulations. It was determined that some oral history projects may not fall under the “Common Rule” (45 CFR, part 46) that define research as “a systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.” According to the Organization of Oral Historians (2003, November):

This type of research involves standard questionnaires with large samples of individuals who remain anonymous, not the open-ended interviews with identifiable individuals who give their interviews with ‘informed consent’ that characterizes oral history. Only those oral history projects that conform to the regulatory definition of research will now need to submit their research protocols for IRB review. (p. 17)

An advantage of the oral history interview, therefore, if the study is carefully designed, is that IRB oversight has become far less restrictive than for other methodologies.

Concluding Remarks

In conclusion, oral history methodology is technology-intensive. Emerging 21st Century technologies as well as existing technologies continue to simplify and broaden the capabilities of the oral historian, both for gathering information and presenting information in a variety of formats. Digitizing voice, image, video, and text materials have greatly reduced the processing and production time for producing and presenting oral history findings.

Finally, oral history interviewing, more than ever before, has enormous potential for giving voice to silent but important players within the arenas of social change – including community and school. In order make any further changes in our school systems educational leaders and researchers have got to find ways to hear these previously unheard voices. Well designed studies that seek out these voices of individuals who have given informed consent can provide historically and contextually rich information specific to time and place with minimal IRB oversight. Finally, technology is rapidly expanding the repertoire of formats for archiving and presenting very useful and usable knowledge to drive school improvement.

References

Baum, W.K. (1978). The expanding role of the librarian in oral history. Library Lectures,

6, 33-43. In Dunaway, D.K. & Baum, W.K. (Eds.), Oral history: An interdisciplinary anthology pp. 387-406). Nashville, TN: American Association for State and Local History and the Oral History Association.

Borg, W.R. & Gall, M.D. (1983). Educational research (4th ed.). New York: Longman.

Campbell, R.F., Fleming, T., Newell, L.J. & Bennion, J.W. (1987). A history of thought

and practice in educational administration. New York: Teachers College Press.

Charlton, T.C. (1985). Oral history for Texans (2nd ed.). Austin, Texas: Texas Historical

Commission.

Dunaway, D.K. & Baum (1984). Oral history: An interdisciplinary anthology. Nashville,

TN: American Association for State and Local History and the Oral History Assocociation.

Herrington, D. E. (1993). Barriers, influences, and leadership challenges of selected

Mexican-American upper level administrators in South Texas public higher education, 1970 to 1990. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M Universi

Herrington, D.E. & Kritsonis, W. (2006). A national perspective for improving the

working relationship between educational researchers and Institutional Review Board members. National Forum for Educational Research Journal, 19(3), 1-5.

Organization of American Historians (2003, November). Oral history excluded from IRB

review. OAH Newsletter, 31(3), 17.

Wector, Dixon (1957, August). History and how to write it. American Heritage, 8(5), 24- 27, 87.

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William Allan Kritsonis, PhD -
About the Author:

Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus

In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”

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The Cellphone: The History and Technology of the Gadget That Changed the World

Presenting the history of the cellular phone from its beginnings in the 1940s to the present, this book explains the fundamental concepts involved in wireless communication along with the ramifications of cellular technology on the economy, U.S. and international law, human health, and society. The first two chapters deal with bandwidth and radio. Subsequent chapters look at precursors to the contemporary cellphone, including the surprisingly popular car phone of the 1970s, the analog cellphones

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Price: $ 31.50

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The research on the internet – its past, present and its future.

Posted on 04 October 2010. Tags: Future, Internet, Past, present, Research

by christyfrink

The research on the internet – its past, present and its future.

Before you start writing and designing your term paper, make sure that you know and understand the subject and topic, you are assigned with. It might be simple, yet nevertheless a lot of students experience many difficulties at this stage. Why? Because apparently, it is not as simple as it might look. Even highly experienced and well educated person can spent several hours and in many cases days to come up with some ideas and points on particular topic.

That is why it is highly important to turn to term paper help resources. What kind of resources are these? In our modern world you have access to many databases, electronic libraries and other online sources. Sometimes, it is difficult to find a particular book or journal at the library. Yet, wherever you are – in the rural area or even in some distance country, you will be able to find many useful resources if you are connected to the web. There on the internet, you can find new research on your topic, new articles and messaging boards – vital information that might give you some ideas on the topic, you research. Try to read attentively and impartially in order to understand why this particular topic or subject concerns so many people. Why do they want to discuss it? Why do they argue about it? Once you have used these term paper help resources, you can move on to other stages of the writing of your paper. You may learn more about it here: term paper help.

Once you have come up with new ideas and have decided what you are going to investigate, you may start researching. This process is very important for all writing assignments; however I would like to single out two assignments where research is in the forefront of the writing process -research paper on health and research paper on religion.

When you start writing research paper on health, you may use internet extensively as well. There is a lot of information on various health topic, many health departments, organizations schools as well as societies have their web sites. One can find much useful practical information in different medicine journals which are available either free or under subscription. However, one should exercise extreme caution, when you use information from messaging boards or some unknown sites. Do not forget that in this type of the paper you should make sure that your information is relevant and authentic. In many cases internet sites or rather moderator review the information (messages and news) before it is posted. However do not forget that sometimes, though not always this information is reviewed by technical staff of the site rather than by real professional. Certainly, you understand that there are many branches of medicine and in my opinion it is virtually impossible to assign experienced and well-educated professionals in all fields to review the information. That is why one can use this information, but should be very cautious about it. You can learn more about it here research paper on health.

Internet might help you in the designing and completing research papers on religion. However, in this case you should remember that religion is viewed as interdisciplinary subject and you might visit some web sites on other disciplines as well (such as history, geography, psychology). When visiting these sites you should follow the advice given above (for the writing of the research paper on health). Try to follow the instructions of your tutor. When visiting web sites of different religious organizations, try to avoid the web sites that advertise religious intolerance. I can presume that you will not visit these sites, however remember-some of them may be outwardly aggressive, but some of them may promote hatred in surreptitious way. Learn more about it here research paper on religion.

And finally, despite the fact that these papers might differ in some methods of the research, one should always follow simple rule- gather information and resources before you start working on your paper. Custom Essay Writing Service

Tyler Benson is a senior researcher at BestEssays.com He conducts several projects on current problems of education and closely investigates the problem of plagiarism in higher educational establishments.

Adjust Your Health Now!
Adjusting For Health will help you to Eliminate Pain, Lose Weight and Feel Great. Now you can achieve your health goals in no time with a little help from the Doctor – and it’s certainly Not with medication!
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Technical Research of ship launching using Evergreen Marine Airbags

Posted on 30 July 2010. Tags: Airbags, Evergreen, launching, marine, Research, ship, Technical, Using

by Travis S.

Technical Research of ship launching using Evergreen Marine Airbags

The ship launching slipway, which spend high investment, is the key construction of shipyard. In order to meet the requirement of high-frequency and moderate tonnage shipbuilding, and innovate traditional ship launching construction and research new type ship launching construction, CSSC issue CB/T 3795-1996 (air bag for ship up to or down to launching way) and CB/T 3837-1998 (Technological requirements for ship upgrading or launching relying on air-bags) as industry standard, which supply the basal criterion. Subsequently, Qingdao Evergreen Shipping Supplies Co., Ltd innovate Flexible Launching technologyTM, and Holistic Screw Type Enlacing Technology, thereby become the leader of launching technology.Â

The traditional ship launching technology

There are three principal methods of conveying a new ship from building site to water, only two of which are called “launching.” Including Gravitational type launching, Floating-out Type Launching, and Mechanical type launching.

1.1Â The Gravitational Type Launching Method

This launching method is divided into Longitudinal Oiled Slideway Launching, Longitudinal Steel-Roller Slideway Launching, and Side Oiled Slideway Launching, which are three main gravitational type launching method.Â

1.1.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Longitudinal Oiled Slideway launching, whose slipway and slideway is whole launching facilities, is one time-honored and durable launching method.

Before launching, must coat thickness of oil poured on the slideway in order to reduce the friction. Butter oil was used before. Currently, use a different proportion of paraffin wax, stearic acid, and rosin from modulation. Then remove the entire keel pier, side pier and other supporting facilities, make the weight of ship slide into slideway. And then release the anti-slip devices, vessel slides, usually stern first, down and inclined slipway.

This method can be used for the vessels with different tonnage and type. This method has the advantages of simple equipments, low-cost building, and convenient management. But there are some disadvantages, including complicated launching technology; the coating of oil can be influenced by temperature, and oil can pollute water; there is huge front pressure when the ship pivoting; the stroke of ship is very long, and the mooring or turning equipments must be used.Â

1.1.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Longitudinal Steel-Roller Slideway LaunchingÂ

In this way, the steel rollers are used as a substitute for oil as antifriction device, so that the original sliding friction changes into rolling friction, reducing the frictional resistance between skateboard and slideway. The steel rollers can be re-used. This method includes the following equipments, high-intensity steel rollers, the equipments for keeping distance (security device), and steel board. There are 12 steel ball within per square meter security device. There is each layer of steel plate on the wooden slide and slide rails preventing them from being crushed steel balls. There are net bags on the end of chute to receive the balls the security devices.Â

The advantage of this method include start quickly, small slope of slideway, smaller width between skateboard and slideway, re-useable steel rollers, and the cheaper installation cost and using cost than oiled slideway. And the climate cannot impact the launching; the calculation can be got accurately. But the initial investment is very huge, the skateboards are very bulky.Â

1.1.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Side Oiled Slideway Launching

The side launch, whereby the ship enters the water broadside, came into 19th-century use on inland waters, rivers, and lakes, and was more widely adopted during World War II.

The method also includes two types. One kind is the slideway extend into the water, firstly pull the ships on the wedgy skateboards, the launch ship inclined slideway; another kind is the slideway is interruption at the end of vertical wharf, the ship together with the frame, skateboard slide into water, then the ship become steady based on its own buoyancy and stability of the entire floating balance. The height of ship falling is about 1~3 meter.

Because of the usage of many chutes, it causes the different slipping speed, causing the water accident. When the ship fall into the water, it rolls severely so there is higher requirement for the horizontal strength and stability of ships.

1.2Â Floating-out Type launching

The third method is float-out, used for ships that are built in basins or drydocks and then floated by admitting water into the dock. Technically, this is not a launch, although sometimes erroneously referred to as such.

There are two kinds of floating docks. One is building floating dock, another is repairing floating dock. The difference is the first type is wide and shallow; the second type is very deep.

Floating-out launching is very simple way. Its safety and technology is very good. And it can effectively overcome the disadvantage of elevation head, reducing the lifting height of cranes; also can avoid the limits for the square-built water area of Gravitational Type Launching Method; can introducing the mechanized operation. Therefore, even though the initial investment is very huge. But it is still the only means of construction of VLCC.Â

1.3Â Mechanical Type Launching

Normally, this launching method includes the following ways:

lÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Longitudinal mechanized slideway launching

lÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Two points longitudinal mechanized chute launching

lÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Wedge-shaped mechanized vehicles launching

Â

Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Slope change traverse areas mechanized vertical chute launching

lÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â High-low track slide mechanization launching

lÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Mechanized comb slide into the water

lÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Lifting ship equipments

lÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Floating dock into the water

Â

All above launching ways have the the limits in part, such as expensive building or construction fees, expensive maintaince fees, limitable ability for small ship, complicated technology, and so on.Â

Considering the structure, most of above launching method used the principle of sliding friction to move the ship by the lubricating property of oil. Its mobility and controllable is very bad. Although the machinery type launching improve the mobility greatly, the scope of application is very small, and cannot be used for large vessels. Under this background, the new launching method was innovated by Evergreen engineers, i.e. using the rolling friction to instead of sliding friction. From the physics points of view, rolling friction has a little relationship with gravity. So it provides the advantaged condition for the large vessels.

Â 2.Â Â Â Â Â Innovative Flexible Launching TechnologyÂ

The basic body consists of Evergreen airbags consist of our rubber layers, synthetic-cord-reinforced rubber layers, are kind of a cylindrical airbags with hemispherical heads at the both ends. All of these are vulcanized together, and then compress air inside to enable in to roll. The main method of classification is the layers of airbags. At present the main diameter of airbags include 0.8m, 1.0m, 1.2m, 1.5m, 1.8m and 2.0m type.

Â All the material of Evergreen airbags is selected as per ISO17357-2002 and CB/T 3795-1996. Meanwhile, all the airbags have got the certification of ISO9001:2000, CCS, Lloydâs.Â

At present, most of airbags are 6 layers type airbags. The loaded capacity is about 10 tons per square meter. Recently, Qingdao Evergreen shipping Supplies Co., Ltd innovated the high-intensive airbags by the unique âHolistic Screw Type Enlacing Technologyâ. The hydrostatic pressure blasting pressure is over 1.2Mpa. Then the loaded capacity is over 28 tons per square meter. Sequentially, evergreen airbags break the record for the launching of hundred thousand tonnage vessels.Â

The investment of shipyard construction is very expensive. There are some severe limits in the development of small shipyards. So, Flexible Manufacturing Technology are accepted and used by more and more developed countries in order to meet the requirement of quantity production and enhance the strain capacity. So, we can see, based on its excellent adaptive faculty, âEvergreen launching technology by airbagsâ is deserved to be honored âFlexible Launching Technologyâ.Â

Now, letâs research the practicability and economical efficiency by the follow Launching Project by Ever-Safe Engineering.Â

The process of Ship Launching using airbags:

Step1. Prepare the launching slipway and related workers.

As per calculation, select and check the appropriate airbags and quantity. Tidy up the launching slipway. Fix the ship by winch and anchors. Prepare all the necessary equipments.

Step2. Taking out all standing blocks under stern and middle one by one, and put in airbags.

The distance between two rows should be confirmed as per the calculation.Â

Â Step3. Taking out all standing blocks under the prow. Run the winch and release the cable. Let the ship launch into water.

Â Step4. After launching, check all the deckhouse to confirm if there is any problem. Meanwhile, retrieving all the airbags.

3.Â Â Â Â Â Comparison of traditional launching technology with Evergreen âFlexible Launching TechnologyTMâÂ

The advantage of this Flexible Launching TechnologyTM includes Labor-Saving, Time-Saving, Flexible, Economical, and Safety.

Â 3.1Â The ship launching by airbags is one kind of highly innovative and promising technology. It overcomes the defects that small and medium shidyardsâcapacity is limited by the fixing slideway. Meanwhile, this technology also supplies another way for the shipyard that doesnât have the fixing slideway. On the one hand, it resolves the production problem of single slideway. On the other hand, this technology saves the expensive investment on fixing slideway.

3.2Â The whole operation process of this technology is very simple. So, it can save more labors and time. Meanwhile, there isnât any fee of slideway construction, and donât need any infectant oil, and all the airbags can be used many time. So it is very economical. As one kind of recyclable technology, it incarnate the property of circular economy and sustainable development. It can create remarkable social and economic efficiency.

3.3Â For the launching of large vessel, because of the property of solidity of slideway and huge buoyancy at the moment when the ship launch into water, vessel can be damaged easily. But our flexible launching technology overcomes this problem by the airbagsâ flexible.

Â 4.Â Â Â Â Â Innovative technology of Evergreen ship launching airbagsÂ

At present, Evergreen Flexible Launching TechnologyTM is widely used by most china shipyard. And this technology also is accepting slowly by more and more foreign shipyard.Â

Before, there were three key questions. First, itâs how to launch the ship with sharp bottomed. Second, itâs how to move ship breadthwise. Third, itâs how to land the large vessel from water.Â

Based on the above questions, we found the critical factor, i.e how to improve the intensity of airbags, and augment the contacting area. So we introduce the technology of âHolistic Screw Type Enlacing Technologyâ and select material as per ISO 17357:2002. One hand, this technology ensures the air-tightness of airbags. On the other hand, it also ensures the intensity for super sharp and super large vessels. For the question of contacting area, we introduce the concept of âExtending Steel Plateâ, i.e welding one piece steel plate under ship bottom. This technology successfully resolves the problem of transverse moving and sharp bottom. Thus, it enlarges the application area.Â

For the problem of landing large vessel, we introduce the concept of âPressure Conversionâ. It means adjust the pressure within limits after inflating enough air, make it controllable as per the difference of workplace. On the other hand, enlarge the pull force of winches with the help of crane.Â

5.Â Â Â Â Â ForegroundÂ

From the above description, we can know Evergreen Flexible Launching Technology is very simple to operation. But we should better stress its extraordinary. Firstly, this technology transfers the launching idea, i.e. rolling friction instead of sliding friction. Secondly, it creates remarkable social and economic efficiency. And resolve the common failing that fixing slideway take up room of shipyard. Finally, so many success projects prove âEvergreen Flexible Launching Technologyâ is most effective and safety launching method.Â

Base our research and application, this Evergreen Flexible Launching Technology can be widely used for heavy lifting and conveying, sunken ship salvage and refloatation.Â

We believe Evergreen Flexible Launching Technology will be more perfect and accepted by more and more world shipyards. This technology will certainly help more and more shipyards, salvage companies, and other maritime companies to cast off the influence of current economic crisis. Consequently, to strove for the early accomplishment of brilliantly development.

Â

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