by Travis S.

Technical Research of ship launching using Evergreen Marine Airbags

The ship launching slipway, which spend high investment, is the key construction of shipyard. In order to meet the requirement of high-frequency and moderate tonnage shipbuilding, and innovate traditional ship launching construction and research new type ship launching construction, CSSC issue CB/T 3795-1996 (air bag for ship up to or down to launching way) and CB/T 3837-1998 (Technological requirements for ship upgrading or launching relying on air-bags) as industry standard, which supply the basal criterion. Subsequently, Qingdao Evergreen Shipping Supplies Co., Ltd innovate Flexible Launching technologyTM, and Holistic Screw Type Enlacing Technology, thereby become the leader of launching technology. 

The traditional ship launching technology

There are three principal methods of conveying a new ship from building site to water, only two of which are called “launching.” Including Gravitational type launching, Floating-out Type Launching, and Mechanical type launching.

1.1  The Gravitational Type Launching Method

This launching method is divided into Longitudinal Oiled Slideway Launching, Longitudinal Steel-Roller Slideway Launching, and Side Oiled Slideway Launching, which are three main gravitational type launching method. 

1.1.1        Longitudinal Oiled Slideway launching, whose slipway and slideway is whole launching facilities, is one time-honored and durable launching method.

Before launching, must coat thickness of oil poured on the slideway in order to reduce the friction. Butter oil was used before. Currently, use a different proportion of paraffin wax, stearic acid, and rosin from modulation. Then remove the entire keel pier, side pier and other supporting facilities, make the weight of ship slide into slideway. And then release the anti-slip devices, vessel slides, usually stern first, down and inclined slipway.

This method can be used for the vessels with different tonnage and type. This method has the advantages of simple equipments, low-cost building, and convenient management. But there are some disadvantages, including complicated launching technology; the coating of oil can be influenced by temperature, and oil can pollute water; there is huge front pressure when the ship pivoting; the stroke of ship is very long, and the mooring or turning equipments must be used. 

1.1.2        Longitudinal Steel-Roller Slideway Launching 

In this way, the steel rollers are used as a substitute for oil as antifriction device, so that the original sliding friction changes into rolling friction, reducing the frictional resistance between skateboard and slideway. The steel rollers can be re-used. This method includes the following equipments, high-intensity steel rollers, the equipments for keeping distance (security device), and steel board. There are 12 steel ball within per square meter security device. There is each layer of steel plate on the wooden slide and slide rails preventing them from being crushed steel balls. There are net bags on the end of chute to receive the balls the security devices. 

The advantage of this method include start quickly, small slope of slideway, smaller width between skateboard and slideway, re-useable steel rollers, and the cheaper installation cost and using cost than oiled slideway. And the climate cannot impact the launching; the calculation can be got accurately. But the initial investment is very huge, the skateboards are very bulky. 

1.1.3        Side Oiled Slideway Launching

The side launch, whereby the ship enters the water broadside, came into 19th-century use on inland waters, rivers, and lakes, and was more widely adopted during World War II.

The method also includes two types. One kind is the slideway extend into the water, firstly pull the ships on the wedgy skateboards, the launch ship inclined slideway; another kind is the slideway is interruption at the end of vertical wharf, the ship together with the frame, skateboard slide into water, then the ship become steady based on its own buoyancy and stability of the entire floating balance. The height of ship falling is about 1~3 meter.

Because of the usage of many chutes, it causes the different slipping speed, causing the water accident. When the ship fall into the water, it rolls severely so there is higher requirement for the horizontal strength and stability of ships.

1.2  Floating-out Type launching

The third method is float-out, used for ships that are built in basins or drydocks and then floated by admitting water into the dock. Technically, this is not a launch, although sometimes erroneously referred to as such.

There are two kinds of floating docks. One is building floating dock, another is repairing floating dock. The difference is the first type is wide and shallow; the second type is very deep.

Floating-out launching is very simple way. Its safety and technology is very good. And it can effectively overcome the disadvantage of elevation head, reducing the lifting height of cranes; also can avoid the limits for the square-built water area of Gravitational Type Launching Method; can introducing the mechanized operation. Therefore, even though the initial investment is very huge. But it is still the only means of construction of VLCC. 

1.3  Mechanical Type Launching

Normally, this launching method includes the following ways:

l         Longitudinal mechanized slideway launching

l         Two points longitudinal mechanized chute launching

l         Wedge-shaped mechanized vehicles launching

 

         Slope change traverse areas mechanized vertical chute launching

l         High-low track slide mechanization launching

l         Mechanized comb slide into the water

l         Lifting ship equipments

l         Floating dock into the water

 

All above launching ways have the the limits in part, such as expensive building or construction fees, expensive maintaince fees, limitable ability for small ship, complicated technology, and so on. 

Considering the structure, most of above launching method used the principle of sliding friction to move the ship by the lubricating property of oil. Its mobility and controllable is very bad. Although the machinery type launching improve the mobility greatly, the scope of application is very small, and cannot be used for large vessels. Under this background, the new launching method was innovated by Evergreen engineers, i.e. using the rolling friction to instead of sliding friction. From the physics points of view, rolling friction has a little relationship with gravity. So it provides the advantaged condition for the large vessels.

 2.      Innovative Flexible Launching Technology 

The basic body consists of Evergreen airbags consist of our rubber layers, synthetic-cord-reinforced rubber layers, are kind of a cylindrical airbags with hemispherical heads at the both ends. All of these are vulcanized together, and then compress air inside to enable in to roll. The main method of classification is the layers of airbags. At present the main diameter of airbags include 0.8m, 1.0m, 1.2m, 1.5m, 1.8m and 2.0m type.

 All the material of Evergreen airbags is selected as per ISO17357-2002 and CB/T 3795-1996. Meanwhile, all the airbags have got the certification of ISO9001:2000, CCS, Lloyd’s. 

At present, most of airbags are 6 layers type airbags. The loaded capacity is about 10 tons per square meter. Recently, Qingdao Evergreen shipping Supplies Co., Ltd innovated the high-intensive airbags by the unique “Holistic Screw Type Enlacing Technology”. The hydrostatic pressure blasting pressure is over 1.2Mpa. Then the loaded capacity is over 28 tons per square meter. Sequentially, evergreen airbags break the record for the launching of hundred thousand tonnage vessels. 

The investment of shipyard construction is very expensive. There are some severe limits in the development of small shipyards. So, Flexible Manufacturing Technology are accepted and used by more and more developed countries in order to meet the requirement of quantity production and enhance the strain capacity. So, we can see, based on its excellent adaptive faculty, “Evergreen launching technology by airbags” is deserved to be honored “Flexible Launching Technology”. 

Now, let’s research the practicability and economical efficiency by the follow Launching Project by Ever-Safe Engineering. 

The process of Ship Launching using airbags:

Step1. Prepare the launching slipway and related workers.

As per calculation, select and check the appropriate airbags and quantity. Tidy up the launching slipway. Fix the ship by winch and anchors. Prepare all the necessary equipments.

Step2. Taking out all standing blocks under stern and middle one by one, and put in airbags.

The distance between two rows should be confirmed as per the calculation. 

 Step3. Taking out all standing blocks under the prow. Run the winch and release the cable. Let the ship launch into water.

 Step4. After launching, check all the deckhouse to confirm if there is any problem. Meanwhile, retrieving all the airbags.

3.      Comparison of traditional launching technology with Evergreen “Flexible Launching TechnologyTM” 

The advantage of this Flexible Launching TechnologyTM includes Labor-Saving, Time-Saving, Flexible, Economical, and Safety.

 3.1  The ship launching by airbags is one kind of highly innovative and promising technology. It overcomes the defects that small and medium shidyards’capacity is limited by the fixing slideway. Meanwhile, this technology also supplies another way for the shipyard that doesn’t have the fixing slideway. On the one hand, it resolves the production problem of single slideway. On the other hand, this technology saves the expensive investment on fixing slideway.

3.2  The whole operation process of this technology is very simple. So, it can save more labors and time. Meanwhile, there isn’t any fee of slideway construction, and don’t need any infectant oil, and all the airbags can be used many time. So it is very economical. As one kind of recyclable technology, it incarnate the property of circular economy and sustainable development. It can create remarkable social and economic efficiency.

3.3  For the launching of large vessel, because of the property of solidity of slideway and huge buoyancy at the moment when the ship launch into water, vessel can be damaged easily. But our flexible launching technology overcomes this problem by the airbags’ flexible.

 4.      Innovative technology of Evergreen ship launching airbags 

At present, Evergreen Flexible Launching TechnologyTM is widely used by most china shipyard. And this technology also is accepting slowly by more and more foreign shipyard. 

Before, there were three key questions. First, it’s how to launch the ship with sharp bottomed. Second, it’s how to move ship breadthwise. Third, it’s how to land the large vessel from water. 

Based on the above questions, we found the critical factor, i.e how to improve the intensity of airbags, and augment the contacting area. So we introduce the technology of “Holistic Screw Type Enlacing Technology” and select material as per ISO 17357:2002. One hand, this technology ensures the air-tightness of airbags. On the other hand, it also ensures the intensity for super sharp and super large vessels. For the question of contacting area, we introduce the concept of “Extending Steel Plate”, i.e welding one piece steel plate under ship bottom. This technology successfully resolves the problem of transverse moving and sharp bottom. Thus, it enlarges the application area. 

For the problem of landing large vessel, we introduce the concept of “Pressure Conversion”. It means adjust the pressure within limits after inflating enough air, make it controllable as per the difference of workplace. On the other hand, enlarge the pull force of winches with the help of crane. 

5.      Foreground 

From the above description, we can know Evergreen Flexible Launching Technology is very simple to operation. But we should better stress its extraordinary. Firstly, this technology transfers the launching idea, i.e. rolling friction instead of sliding friction. Secondly, it creates remarkable social and economic efficiency. And resolve the common failing that fixing slideway take up room of shipyard. Finally, so many success projects prove “Evergreen Flexible Launching Technology” is most effective and safety launching method. 

Base our research and application, this Evergreen Flexible Launching Technology can be widely used for heavy lifting and conveying, sunken ship salvage and refloatation. 

We believe Evergreen Flexible Launching Technology will be more perfect and accepted by more and more world shipyards. This technology will certainly help more and more shipyards, salvage companies, and other maritime companies to cast off the influence of current economic crisis. Consequently, to strove for the early accomplishment of brilliantly development.

 

Types of technology sourcing and innovative capability: An exploratory study of Singapore manufacturing firms [An article from: Journal of High Technology Management Research]

This digital document is a journal article from Journal of High Technology Management Research, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Despite a variety of technology sourcing modes that have been identified in the current literature, the existing studies tend to either focus their analysis on either a single mode of sourcing or o

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by El Bibliomata

Short History Of Technology

This age roughly lasted from 3300 BC to 1200 BC. It was the time when civilization started to coalesce around the Fertile Crescent and spread to Asia, Europe and Africa. The Bronze Age got its name because of when metals such as copper and tin which were used for making tools and weapons. Some of the advanced technologies of that time included agricultural innovations, chariot, use of salt, construction of permanent settlements and further domestication of animals.

The Iron Age
The Iron Age dates from 1200 BC to 500 BC and was the start of Roman Empire. The use of iron became very popular during this time and many people migrated to the farther reaches of continents including Europe. Technological advancements included glass, sundial, architecture, education, ships and advances in trade.

Age of Ancient Civilizations
This age was from around 500 BC with the start of the Roman Empire to about 500 AD when it fell. Many scholars consider it as the Golden Age as there were plenty of technological innovation occurring. Some of the technological advancements included city planning, education, sanitation, paper, math, architecture, bridges, magnetic compass, religion, aqueducts, road building, law and government, art, concrete, philosophy and more.

The Middle Ages
This age was from 500 AD to about 1500 in Europe. It began to grow in all areas of society that ushered in the Renaissance period. Several technological advancements during this period included the windmill, mechanical clock, architecture, military, spectacles and innovations in agriculture.

Muslim Agricultural Revolution
The Islamic world located predominantly in the Middle East revolutionized during the 8th century. It globalized a variety of agriculture techniques and crops. Some technological innovation of this time included the fountain pen, coffee, quartz glass, hard soap, shampoo, and celestial globe, innovations in math, nitric acid and incendiary devices.
The Renaissance Period
The beginning of Renaissance period marked from the period of the 14th century to the 16th century. Some of the major innovations during this time period occurred in education. Many schools and universities were developed and other disciples like architecture, medicine and philosophy grew.

Age of Exploration
This time period lasted from the 1400′s to 1600′s. When trade became a great means of wealth countries in Europe, this was the start of the Age of Exploration. It dominated technology and innovation mainly shipping, navigation and cartography.

The Industrial Revolution
It was the time of great innovation because of energy and steam engine. This happened mostly in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries. With the Industrial Revolution came the transportation revolution, this made transportation much easier people.

The 19th and 20th Centuries
Enormous innovations in technology have occurred during the last two centuries. There are so many innovations which make up a long list. However it is important to note that these innovations were because of the previous discoveries. The enormous innovations that have occurred over the last 200 years included television, radio, telephone, automobile, computer, internet, medicine, airplane, photography, nuclear power, spacecraft and much more.

Modern World
Today, the society has been vastly changed due to innovations and enhancements from technology. It took centuries in the past for the society to be what it is today. Technology has an enormous impact on the society. Still technology has long way to go ahead.

by timtak

The Future Technology Of Printers: From 3D To Inkless Printers

Technology is improving at an alarming rate–from high-tech computers and mobile phones to smaller, more advanced entertainment systems and even ultra-fast inkjet printers. It wasn’t that long ago when we all used to print out documents using slow and noisy, black and white dot matrix printers. Now, we’re able to print twice as much documents in less time in full-color inkjet printers; and it won’t be long before we see an evolution in inkjet printers and experience all sorts of technological advancements we once thought were impossible.

There are already signs of what the future technology of printers holds–from inkless printers to those that can do 3D print outs. Here are just some of the advancements that are already in development that herald in the new age of printers.

1. Inkless printers. Various brands such as Dell and Polaroid have launched printers that don’t use normal printer ink cartridges to print on paper. The Dell Wasabi Ultramobile printer can print high-quality, borderless full-color images using Zink (Zero Ink) technology. Heat from the printer activates dye crystals that are embedded in a special kind of photo paper to create colored print outs in less than a minute.

2. 3D Printers. Why stick to a flat, two-dimensional print out when you can have your own image printed on 3D? There are a few 3D printers available now that can print out high-quality and well-defined three-dimensional models that even include real mechanical parts in them. It’s like having your own small factory at home! Although this piece of future technology is already available, a 3D printer would set you back about ,000. So, unless you plan to create 3D models and sell them as a business, it’s best to stick with your trusty 2D inkjet printers for now.

3. Wax printers. You used to color your drawings with crayons when you were a child, and Xerox has picked up on this by creating a printer that uses colored wax sticks instead of regular ink cartridges. The sticks are made of nontoxic polymer wax with colorants that act as the printer ink. Heat from the printer melts the wax stick to release the colorants for printing. The result is high-gloss, high-definition print outs. The company has been trying to refine this technology for about three years now; although there have been issues regarding the longevity of the print outs since wax tends to scratch easily.

4. Ultra-fast printers. Superman can run at the speed of sound, and although it will take about 100 more years before you see a printer that prints 100 documents that fast, there are inkjet printers in development now that can print high-quality, full-color images at a page per second continuously. With that technology around, it won’t be long before inkjet printers come close to printing at the speed of sound.

It’s amazing what the future holds for the printing industry. You’ve already seen a bit of the bright future of inkjet printers and ink cartridges and it won’t be that long before you finally see these future printers at work right in your own home.

Related Future Technology Articles

Welcome to the Future! NextFest in New York City. (The premier future-technology focused event in the USA)

This electronic publication is a professional quality DVD video resource for all of those who are interested in future technologies and innovation in general. Videotaped in New York City, NextFest is the premier future technology-focused event in the USA. Several demonstrations show new digital home entertainment systems, humanoid robots, new user interfaces, space travel, new alternative energy sources, ‘talking and feeling’ clothing, and many other innovative ideas. What you will learn: Having

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by superkimbo in BKK

Tricks filed one after another "pseudo-science and technology," fountains Kengren not shallow – electrolysed water dispenser, water

A electrolysed
Drinking
Price 9360 yuan actually! Recently, the body of Miss He Neijiang in Sichuan to the author about her experiences. Miss He said that in the vicinity of residential areas at a product introduction, she stand up to “experts” recommend strongly to the so-called direct price 6650 yuan, bought a claim to the water electrolysis system, to beauty, weight loss , but also on the treatment of diabetes, high blood pressure benefit of functional drinking fountains. Later, Miss He began to slowly wake up to the brand on the market compared to drinking fountains, drinking fountains that Taiwan is a “high price”, but they really have a water dispenser so much other? When Miss He once again came to Products shall ascertain, the factory has already empty, telephone consultation, the factory his best rhetoric, but in the end refused to return. Unscrupulous vendors to “high tech” to cover I visited was found, at present, to be known functions of the “high tech” water dispenser in the market actually quite common, “alkaline water” and “ionized water”, “Drinking Water”, “energy water” “electrolyzed water”, etc. have become the distributor of the “main” sign. Apart from the traditional dealership model, network marketing has become these small brands, “new features” product key sales channels. In “Made in China net”, “China Machinery and Electronic Trade Network” and other commercial sites, there are numerous types of dispenser of information, almost all to claim that their products have patents, compared to normal drinking fountains, has a “reverse permeation, far infrared mineral water “and other super-clean function. Some electrolysis of water, ion water manufacturers also claim that, after a special mineral water electrolysis treatment can activate the body cells, enhance immunity, dissolve lipids, soften blood vessels, play to lose weight, pain, blood lipid and other effects. Since the positioning “high tech” and naturally a lot of money, I visit again found that the van with the “multi” title of the dispenser, at least 5,000 yuan price, usually at 10,000 yuan, while the market brand of drinking water machines only a few hundred to about 1,000 yuan. According to insiders, in fact, she serves in the encounter is not a case of, unsolicited dispenser manufacturers recommend this site, move to persuade, fixed marketing, online direct sales approach is being staged in many cities, not few people have had personal experience of such products also hold to question the attitude. Some consumers thread, posted in the form of propaganda that exaggerated business after use and no apparent effect, or even adverse effects will occur. Xiamen introduce themselves in a consumer spent 5,000 yuan to buy online than a hundred news brand alkaline water dispenser, drinking has occurred after the abdominal pain, diarrhea, cramps, high blood pressure, fever and other symptoms. Original, drinking water electrolysis is the possible negative effects, but no mention of this business. What is more, sold to consumers, it is simply that a low cost of failure, water dispenser, also insistently labeled “high tech” brand. That the staff told the author, is now engaged in the network without a license, unlicensed operation of many types of water dispenser manufacturers, to “high tech” for the gimmicks, more profits. Their so-called “high-tech patent” products, in fact most of the relevant departments have not issued the certificate, its function is also beyond the propaganda and the scope of relevant national regulations, are false propaganda. Health experts also said that if such special treatment through electrolysis of water does not meet the national drinking water standards, not only can not treat, but also may harm the heart and other organs. In addition, the low quality of materials due to their own drinking fountains and the design structure does not meet the standard, itself, can lead to pollution of the water again. To sell “high price” hoax occur repeatedly Unscrupulous business functions not only in drinking fountains in the fraud, is also marketing on the big brains, tricks filed one after another. Not only the careful design of all kinds of tricks, but also a large psychological warfare, so that consumers are very hard to promote staff unwittingly drank the “magic potion”, obediently Jiaoliao Qian. According to Ms Ho describes her experience of this company specifically to target the elderly for the deception, use of “Health Talk”, “expert clinic” approach to attract listeners, stipulates that those who attend the seminars of the elderly, can enjoy free The tea and snacks in the middle also has a lucky draw, quiz, performance and other sectors, attracted many elderly have to.

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by Digger/ATL

Captain Your Own Computer Technology Needs

Today, you too can become an efficient personal computer user. Looking every time for tech help for your computer-related needs is no more a smart thing for you to do. Today it is you who should make first initiative. You can manage your personal computer according to your requirements by knowing more about practical tips from computer technology experts. You can look for online sources such as computer forums where you can find useful interaction with computer technology experts giving tech help advices for PC users like you.

According to tech help experts, one simple thing that all personal computer users should do is to keep their PC clean.  Now to be in charge, you want to carry this activity by yourself. This is quite easy and hassle free. By taking a side panel of and using a can of compressed air or air compressor, you can blow the dust out.  Apply this computer help tip before stopping the fans from moving in your CPU and paying special attention to the CPU, heat sink, the video card, the front case fan, and the power supply.  This will increase the reliability of your PC and save it from many hardware-related hurdles.  This useful tip from a Microsoft Certified tech help expert in a computer forum is perhaps not hard for a first time PC user to follow.  According to computer technology experts, you should carry out this simple activity once in 3 months. This is not that inconvenient either!

You need to groom your PC skills in association with other visitors and tech experts in online information technology forums,as well as your own personal online computer support service provider.You should try to make full use of free learning online tools such as online  computer forums .These forums are most suited for you as a personal computer user to seek practical tips on better use of computer.It will be an important refresher for you while on work.  You will come to know about latest trends in computer technology through such free online information technology tools.When faced with multiple choices and you have to select one out of many, do take personalized services of your own computer technology expert.  Today, you no more go to a computer repair shop or arrange an appointment with a tech expert.  Today, you take such consultation by having an online technical support provider. Their experts will help you in what will be best for you as a personal computer user.These services are today outsourced online and are cheap.  As a result, you groom yourself not taking any risks which may cause you or your business any loss in terms of wrong tips from any sources.You wanted to be expert for your practical needs.You need to move in a practical way.

Now, serious practical-minded computer users like to visit online computer forums for serious practical computer-related ideas and are captain of their computer use. Whenever they face any computer issue users consult their online tech help experts.

You too need to be in captain’s seat while managing computer technology for your practical needs. Like a good captain, you should know where and whom to look for efficient running of your team.

In order to wipe everything off of a computer’s hard drive, except for the OS, the first step is to remove all of the programs on the computer. Learn about what shouldn’t be deleted from a computer with help from a software developer in this free video on computer hard drives.
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Computers and Technology in a Changing Society, Second Edition (Sam 2007 Compatible Products)

This text provides a concise introduction to computer concepts as well as covering timely societal issues that accompany their use.

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New Computer Technology – WalKnDude – www.planetnetopia.com
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by El Bibliomata

Mobile Cell Phone History – Communication Technology

Children today consider wireless phones as necessary and usual in daily life. They don’t know a time without them being prevalent. But that was not the case in 1973 when Martin Cooper made his first cellular phone call from a New York City street and New Yorkers stared gaping at him. But the history of cell phone starts further back in time.

The history of cell phones or wireless communications must start with Samuel Morse. He introduced the concept of wireless by conduction when he transmitted a telegraph signal through water. His telegraph was the first device to transmit messages by electricity.

Then in 1843 a man by the name of Michael Faraday studied to see if space could conduct electricity. In 1865 a dentist, Dr. Mahlon Loomis was the first person to communicate through wireless via the atmosphere. He came up with the idea of transmitting and receiving messages using the atmosphere as a conductor and sending up kites covered with copper screens that were linked to the ground with copper wires. Loomis was awarded a ,000 research grant by congress.

But let us move forward to the twentieth century and the invention of the cell or wireless phone as we know it today. This brings us to a man often referred to as the father of the cell phone, Martin Cooper. He was employed by Motorola and worked on developing the first hand held radios made for the Chicago police department in 1967. He then went on to lead Motorola’s cellular research.

AT&T’s, Bell Laboratories introduced the idea of cellular communication in 1947. Through the 60′ and 70′s Motorola and Bell Laboratories were in a race to incorporate the technology into portable devices.

On April 3, 1973 Martin Cooper won the race when he placed the first cell phone call to his rival at AT&T. Motorola introduced the 16-ounce “DynaTAC” phone into commercial service in 1983, at a cost to the consumer of ,500. It weighed 2.5 lbs. took 10 hours to charge with 35 minutes of talk time. Features were limited to dial, listen and talk. This was commonly referred to as the Brick.

In 1977 cell phones went public. Chicago was the first city to trial cell phones with 2000 customers.

In 1983 Motorola, with the help of Martin Cooper, introduced the 16-ounce “DynaTAC” the first truly portable cellular phone. This phone took 15 years and a cost of over 100 million dollars to come to market. The cost to the consumer was 00. It weighed 2.5 lbs., took 10 hours to charge and allowed 35 minutes of talk time. Features were limited to dial, listen and talk.

From 1983 to the late 1980″s 1st generation cellular or car phones as they were often called became very popular. Most were not hand held but rather installed in cars or bag phones.

In 1988 the CTIA (Cellular Technology Industry Association) was founded.

In the early 1990′s second generation or 2G phones came onto the market. They were able to work on GSM, TDMA, and CDMA technology. 2G digital networks were online and replacing the analog network frequencies making them virtually obsolete. The phones became much smaller and portable and usage soared.

Currently third generation or 3G phones are the technology available today. 3G phones include innovations that allow them to receive more than just phone calls. For example Internet access and email capability and streaming video.

In December 2005 the wireless industry in the US surpassed the 200 million subscriber mark. In 2006 that number grew to 233 million subscribers with 12.8% of households being totally wireless. There are 195,613 cell sites making this possible.

The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology)

From the time of Hippocrates until the 1920s, massaging female patients to orgasm was a staple of medical practice among Western physicians in the treatment of “hysteria,” an ailment once considered both common and chronic in women. Doctors loathed this time-consuming procedure and for centuries relied on midwives. Later, they substituted the efficiency of mechanical devices, including the electric vibrator, invented in the 1880s. In The Technology of Orgasm, Rachel Maines offers readers a stimu

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Joel Tarr, Carnegie Mellon’s Richard S. Caliguiri University Professor of History and Policy, received the 2008 Leonardo da Vinci Medal of the Society for the History of Technology for his outstanding contributions to the history of technology. He has never thought of himself as a historian of technology, and his surprise at receiving the award caused him to reflect back over his life to try to understand what influences shaped his interest in technology and its effects on the city and on the environment. In his Journeys Lecture, he retraces some of these influences from growing up in the industrial city of Jersey City through the influences that Carnegie Mellon and Pittsburgh have had upon him since he joined the university in 1967. “Journeys” are special University Lectures in which Carnegie Mellon faculty members and special guests share their reflections on their journeys — the everyday actions, decisions, challenges and joys that make a life. For more information on this and other lectures, visit www.cmu.edu/uls/journeys
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