Mobile Cell Phone History – Communication Technology
Children today consider wireless phones as necessary and usual in daily life. They don’t know a time without them being prevalent. But that was not the case in 1973 when Martin Cooper made his first cellular phone call from a New York City street and New Yorkers stared gaping at him. But the history of cell phone starts further back in time.
The history of cell phones or wireless communications must start with Samuel Morse. He introduced the concept of wireless by conduction when he transmitted a telegraph signal through water. His telegraph was the first device to transmit messages by electricity.
Then in 1843 a man by the name of Michael Faraday studied to see if space could conduct electricity. In 1865 a dentist, Dr. Mahlon Loomis was the first person to communicate through wireless via the atmosphere. He came up with the idea of transmitting and receiving messages using the atmosphere as a conductor and sending up kites covered with copper screens that were linked to the ground with copper wires. Loomis was awarded a ,000 research grant by congress.
But let us move forward to the twentieth century and the invention of the cell or wireless phone as we know it today. This brings us to a man often referred to as the father of the cell phone, Martin Cooper. He was employed by Motorola and worked on developing the first hand held radios made for the Chicago police department in 1967. He then went on to lead Motorola’s cellular research.
AT&T’s, Bell Laboratories introduced the idea of cellular communication in 1947. Through the 60′ and 70′s Motorola and Bell Laboratories were in a race to incorporate the technology into portable devices.
On April 3, 1973 Martin Cooper won the race when he placed the first cell phone call to his rival at AT&T. Motorola introduced the 16-ounce “DynaTAC” phone into commercial service in 1983, at a cost to the consumer of ,500. It weighed 2.5 lbs. took 10 hours to charge with 35 minutes of talk time. Features were limited to dial, listen and talk. This was commonly referred to as the Brick.
In 1977 cell phones went public. Chicago was the first city to trial cell phones with 2000 customers.
In 1983 Motorola, with the help of Martin Cooper, introduced the 16-ounce “DynaTAC” the first truly portable cellular phone. This phone took 15 years and a cost of over 100 million dollars to come to market. The cost to the consumer was 00. It weighed 2.5 lbs., took 10 hours to charge and allowed 35 minutes of talk time. Features were limited to dial, listen and talk.
From 1983 to the late 1980″s 1st generation cellular or car phones as they were often called became very popular. Most were not hand held but rather installed in cars or bag phones.
In 1988 the CTIA (Cellular Technology Industry Association) was founded.
In the early 1990′s second generation or 2G phones came onto the market. They were able to work on GSM, TDMA, and CDMA technology. 2G digital networks were online and replacing the analog network frequencies making them virtually obsolete. The phones became much smaller and portable and usage soared.
Currently third generation or 3G phones are the technology available today. 3G phones include innovations that allow them to receive more than just phone calls. For example Internet access and email capability and streaming video.
In December 2005 the wireless industry in the US surpassed the 200 million subscriber mark. In 2006 that number grew to 233 million subscribers with 12.8% of households being totally wireless. There are 195,613 cell sites making this possible.
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The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology)
From the time of Hippocrates until the 1920s, massaging female patients to orgasm was a staple of medical practice among Western physicians in the treatment of “hysteria,” an ailment once considered both common and chronic in women. Doctors loathed this time-consuming procedure and for centuries relied on midwives. Later, they substituted the efficiency of mechanical devices, including the electric vibrator, invented in the 1880s. In The Technology of Orgasm, Rachel Maines offers readers a stimu
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Review by john.vancleve@gallaudet.edu for The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology)
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“The Technology of Orgasm” is one of the funniest books I’ve read in a long time. Maines’ ostensible purpose is an examination of the history of vibrators and other mechanical means to induce female orgasms. This subject is covered in depth and apparent thoroughness, but her real focus is “androcentric” definitions of female sexuality and their cultural and technological repercussions.In witty and humorous language, demonstrating that Maines has mastered post-modernism and even found a use for it, she lampoons men’s refusal to recognize that for most women, insertion of a male penis into the vagina followed by a male orgasm is not necessarily a complete sexual experience. In droll tones, Maines discusses the long-held male claim, supported by what was called science, that if a woman did not achieve an orgasm from sexual penetration by a male, she was not “normal,” although some 80% or more of women were thus “abnormal.” And never mind that 80% of a population cannot, by definition, be abnormal. Maines is a good historian, and she recounts the historical medicalization of female orgasm, terming its inducement “the job nobody wanted.” For hundreds of years, physicians or midwives were paid to stimulate manually the clitoris of women suffering from “hysteria” and thereby to bring about a therapeutic paroxism. Since this was a time-consuming task, doctors turned to hydrotherapy and then to electric powered vibrators to shorten the time necessary to induce such relief on each patient. HMOs would be proud.This is a book on a serious topic in western cultural history that could have been androphobic or, worse, terribly dull. Instead,it charms and educates with wit and erudition. I hated to see it end.
Review by Jessica Lee Jernigan for The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology)
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for centuries, troubled — or troubling — women were diagnosed with “hysteria.” the classic treatment for this vague malady was inducement of the “hysteric paroxysm” — known to us contemporary types as the orgasm. according to rachel maines’s wryly hilarious history, the first mechanical vibrators were labor-saving devices for doctors tired of inducing orgasm in their patients manually. who knew? this book is clearly her dissertation & primarily intended for academics, but i found it mind-blowing & frequently quite amusing. i frequently recommend it to friends & colleagues looking for a quick, smart, engaging read.
Review by for The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology)
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For her pains (the book took 20 years to research and write), according to Wired magazine, the author was apparently promptly sacked from the faculty of Clarkson U on publication. :( A great pity and another blow for academic freedom on subjects around sexuality.
Review by for The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology)
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There was an irony and sadness to the truth that in the face of immense male denial of women’s actual sexual physical workings in intimate relationships and in male psychological advice, there was this actual historical presence of awareness by male physicians of how our bodies work, albeit at such an unintimate distance it almost can’t count as awareness. It was as if our bodies were like machines.Great research. Essentail reading for everyone.
Review by odea@scn.org for The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria,” the Vibrator, and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology)
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* *The dustjacket of Rachel P. Maines’s new book, THE TECHNOLOGY OF ORGASM: “HYSTERIA”, THE VIBRATOR & SEXUAL SATISFACTION, reads as follows: -*-*- From the time of Hippocrates until the 1920s, massaging “hysterical” female patients to orgasm was a staple of medical practice among Western physicians. Hysteria…was thought to be the consequence of sexual deprivation. Doctors performed the “routine chore” of relieving hysterical patients’ symptoms with manual genital massage until the woman reached orgasm, or as it was known under clinical conditions, the “hysterical paroxysm”. The vibrator first emerged as an electromechanical medical instrument in direct response to demand from physicians who, far from enjoying the implementation of pelvic massage, sought every opportunity to substitute the services of midwives and, later, the efficiency of mechanical devices… Invented in the late 1880s by a British physician, the vibrator was popular with turn-of-the-century doctors as a quick, efficient cure for hysteria which neither fatigued the therapist nor demanded skills which were difficult to acquire… Hysterical women presented a large and lucratve clientele for doctors, and vibrators reduced, from about one hour to ten minutes, the time required for a physician to produce results, significantly increasing the number of patients he could treat in the course of a single workday. These women were ideal patients in that they never recovered nor died from their condition but continued to require regular medical “treatment”. -*-*–0-0-0-0-That male doctors were freely encouraged to perform sexual acts upon female patients is startling when compared to today’s more regulated climate, and it inspires these observations:* The vibrator was not an amorous invention – no Cupid’s dart – but a labour-saving clinical instrument to substitute for undesirable professional tedium the more desirable swellings of the wallet. Improved productivity is good for business.* Doctors were well-rewarded, respectable gigolos, weary as whores of the endless daily parade of hungry genitals and their distressed owners. Today, they would go to jail.* Activities that otherwise would be considered odd, transgressive, or exciting are permitted when they can be defined as, or safely packaged within, “medicine” or “science”, controlled and validated by bourgeois professionals. This can be liberating as well as oppressive: clinical authority can licence the forbidden while defending the status quo, such as relations between the sexes. The clinic is where we pay strangers to intrude intimately into all our velvet cavities – wearing latex – bringing fresh meaning to the phrase, “the doctor is in”. Quickly nurse, the proctoscope!* The doctor-patient relationship oppressed both parties yet remains charged with voyeuristic eroticism for the reader, paradoxically and perversely enhanced by references to the austere boredom of the clinician. The erotic relationship is toned by the pornographic whiff produced through the opposing tensions of: dominance and submission; demand and supply; buying and selling; need and numbness; control and abandon; restraint and convulsion; energy and fatigue; humiliation and relief; shame and paroxysm; tender, desiring flesh, and the subtly-perverse coupling of mechanical insult and pleasure. The clinical drama delivers a secret misogyny to be savoured as a thrilling, guilty vice by both sexes – a stolen cream bun for the soul. Spanking cures this sort of thing.* All of this occurred under conditions in which the only female orgasm recognised as “true” was the sometimes elusive one produced vaginally through intercourse with a male. The more independent and easily achieved clitoral orgasm was belittled as secondary and “immature” [see Freud]. This attitude supported male sexual necessity, authority, and privilege: only a cock can make a real woman of you – it’s a magic wand. Today, women buy their own magic wands and connect them to the power station, harnessing those giant turbines and nuclear rods to their appetites.* It is widely recognised that some mental conditions are treated by electric shock but less broadly advertised is that others were alleviated by electric cock.